Saturday, March 9, 2013


Freud
yearsago:

1856
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was born.

SIGMUND FREUD


"The poets and philosophers before me discovered the unconscious;
what I discovered was the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied."
The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud

Born On:                    6th may 1856, in Mahren, Moravia, Austrian Empire.
Died On:                     23rd September 1939 (aged 83) London, England.
Fields:                         Neurology, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis.
Best Known For:       Founder of Psychoanalysis.
Free Association.

Notable Awards:       Goethe prize (1930).
Foreign member of the royal society, London.
Spouse:                       Martha Bernays.

Publications by Sigmund Freud
v  (1895) Studies in Hysteria
v  (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams
v  (1901) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
v  (1905) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
v  (1905) Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria
v  (1923) The Ego and the Id
v  (1930) Civilization and its Discontents

Carl Jung photo

CARL GUSTAV JUNG


Born On:                    26th July 1875 Kesswil, Thurgau, Switzerland.
Died On:                     6th June 1961 (Aged 85) Zurich, Switzerland.
Fields:                         Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Analytical Psychology.
Best Known For:       Analytical Psychology.
Spouse:                       Emma Jung
Jung was a Swiss psychotherapist and psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Jung proposed and developed some of the best known psychological concepts of the extraverted and the introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. His work has been influential in psychiatry and in the study of religion, literature, and related fields.
Individuation is the central concept of analytical psychology.[1] Jung considered individuation, the psychological process of integrating the opposites, including the conscious with the unconscious while still maintaining their relative autonomy, to be the central process of human development.
Carl Jung's work left a notable impact on psychology. His concepts of introversion and extraversion have contributed to personality psychology and also influenced psychotherapy.
Work by Carl Jung
·         Jung, C. G. (1904–1907) Studies in Word Association.
·         Jung, C. G., & Long, C. E. (1917) Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.
·         Jung, C. G., & Shamdasani, S. (1932) The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga.
·         Jung, C. G. (1947) Essays on Contemporary Events.
·         Jung, C. G. (1988) Psychology and Western Religion.
Carl Jung Deeply Influenced Psychology and Society
·         Foundation of Analytical Psychology, a new school of psychotherapy.
·         Synchronicity, the concept of meaningful coincidences between inner and outer events.
·         Introversion and extraversion, the general attitude types.
·         Collective unconscious, the deeper layer of the psyche which contains the archetypes.


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ANNA FREUD


Born On:                    3rd December 1895 Vienna, Austria.
Died On:                     9th October 1982 London, England.
Fields:                         Child Psychology and Psychoanalysis.
Best Known For:       Founder of Child Psychoanalysis.
Contributions to Ego Psychology.

Anna Freud created the field of child psychoanalysis and her work contributed greatly to our understanding of child psychology. She also developed different techniques to treat children. Freud noted that children’s symptoms differed from those of adults and were often related to developmental stages. She also provided clear explanations of the ego's defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936).
Her experiences at the nursery provided the inspiration for three books, Young Children in Wartime (1942), Infants without Families (1943), and War and Children (1943). After the Hampstead Nursery closed in 1945, Freud created the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic and served as director from 1952 until her death in 1982.

Work by Anna Freud
·         Freud, A. (1936) Ego & the Mechanisms of Defense.
·         Freud, A. (1956-1965) Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic & Other Papers.
·         Freud, A. (1965) Normality & Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development.



KAREN HORNEY
Karen Horney Biography



Born On:                    16th September 1885 Germany.
Died On:                     4th December 1952.
Fields:                          Psychology.
Best Known For:        Feminine Psychology.


Neo-Freudian Psychology.


Horney viewed these neuroses as a sort of coping mechanism that is a large part of normal life. She identified ten neuroses, including the need for power, the need for affection, the need for social prestige, and the need for independence.

Karen Horney made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. Her refutation of Freud's theories about women generated more interest in the psychology of women. Horney also believed that people were able to act as their own therapists, emphasizing the personal role each person has in their own mental health and encouraging self-analysis and self-help.

Work by Horney
·         Horney, K. (1967). Feminine Psychology.
·         Horney, K. (1942). Self-Analysis.
·         Horney, K. (1942). The collected works of Karen Horney (volume II).



Alfred Adler

ALFRED ADLER


Born On:                    7th February 1870 Vienna, Austria.
Died On:                     28th May 1937.
Fields:                         Psychiatry.
Best Known For:       Individual Psychology, 1912.
                                                                                                  The concept of the inferiority complex.
President of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, 1910.

In 1912, Alfred Adler founded the Society of Individual Psychology. Adler's theory suggested that every person has a sense of inferiority. From childhood, people work toward overcoming this inferiority and asserting their superiority over others. Adler referred to this as 'striving for superiority' and believed that this drive was the motivating force behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts.
Alfred Adler's theories have played an essential role in a number of areas including therapy and child development. Alder's ideas also influenced other important psychologists including: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Karen Horney, Rollo May, Albert Ellis. Today, his ideas and concepts are often referred to as Adlerian psychology.

Work by Adler
v  Adler, A. (1925). The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology.
v  Adler, A. (1956). The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler.



Carl Rogers Biography (1902-1987)

CARL ROGERS

"Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me." -Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person


Born On:                    8th January 1902 Oak Park, Illinois.
Died On:                     4th February 1987.
Fields:                         Psychology, Psychotherapy.  
 Notable Awards:        1946 - Elected president of American Psychological Association (APA).
1987 - Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize.
Best Known For       
·         Carl Rogers is best-known for his nondirective approach to treatment known as client-centered therapy.
·         His concept of the actualizing tendency.
·         Developing the concept of the fully-functioning person.

With his emphasis on human potential, Carl Rogers had an enormous influence on both psychology and education. He is considered by many to be one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. More therapists cite Rogers as their primary influence than any other psychologist. As described by his daughter Natalie Rogers, he was "a model for compassion and democratic ideals in his own life, and in his work as an educator, writer, and therapist."
Work by Rogers
·         Rogers, C. (1961) On Becoming A Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotheraphy
·         Rogers, C. (1980) A Way of Being.


ABRAHAM MASLOW
Abraham Maslow



Born On:                    1st April 1908 Brooklyn, New York.
Died On:                     8th June 1970 California.
Fields:                         Humanistic Psychology.
Best Known For:       Hierarchy of Needs.
Founder of Humanistic Psychology.

In 1950s, Maslow became one of the founders and driving forces behind the school of thought known as humanistic psychology. His theories including the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization and peak experiences became fundamental subjects in the humanist movement.
At a time when most psychologists focused aspects of human nature that were considered abnormal, Abraham Maslow shifted to focus to look at the positive sides of mental health. His interest in human potential, seeking peak experiences and improving mental health by seeking personal growth had a lasting influence on psychology.

Work by Maslow
·         Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality.
·         Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being.




ERIK ERIKSON
Erik Erikson


“Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired”.   --Erik Erikson

Born On:                    15th June 1902 Frankfurt, Germany.
Died On:                     12th May 1994.
Fields:                          Psychology.
Best Known For:       Stages of Psychosocial Development.

While Freud’s theory had focused on the psychosexual aspects of development, Erikson’s addition of other influences helped to broaden and expand psychoanalytic theory. He also contributed to our understanding of personality as it is developed and shaped over the course of the lifespan. His observations of children also helped set the stage for further research.
He published a number of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society and The Life Cycle Completed. His book Gandhi's Truth was awarded a Pulitzer Prize and a national Book Award.
Work by Erikson
·         Erikson, E.H. (1950). Childhood and Society.
·         Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis.
·         Erikson, E.H. (1975). Life History and the Historical Moment.
·         Erikson, E.H. (1996). Dialogue With Erik Erikson.



http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Calkins/calkins.jpg Mary Whiton Calkins

MARY WHITON CALKINS

Born On:                    30th March  1863 Hartford, Connecticut.
Died On:                     26th February 1930.
Fields:                         Psychology.
 Best Known For:       Self-psychology.
Inventing paired-associate technique.
First woman APA President.
Notable Awards:       First Woman President of American Psychological Association (APA) 1918.

Calkins wrote over a hundred professional papers of topics in psychology and philosophy. In addition to being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, Calkins also served as president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918.
Among her major contributions to psychology are the invention of the paired association technique and her work in self-psychology. Calkins believed that the conscious self was the primary focus of psychology.

Work by Calkins
·         Calkins, Mary Whiton. (1892). Experimental Psychology at Wellesley College.
·         Calkins, Mary Whiton (1908a). Psychology as science of self.
·         Calkins, Mary Whiton. (1915). The self in scientific psychology.
·         Calkins, Mary Whiton. (1930). Autobiography of Mary Whiton Calkins.

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GORDON ALLPORT

Born On:                    11th November 1897 Montezuma, Indiana.
Died On:                     9th October 1967 Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Fields:                         Psychology.
                                                                                                                                        Trait theory of personality.
                                                                  Notable Awards        1939 - President of the American Psychological Association
                                                                                                      1963 - Gold Medal Award
                                                                                                      1964 - APA's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.
Allport is perhaps best-known for his trait theory of personality. In addition to his trait theory of personality, Gordon Allport left an indelible mark on psychology. He is often described as one of the founding figures of personality psychology, and his lasting influence is still felt today. Rather than focusing on the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches that were popular during his time, Allport instead chose to utilize an eclectic approach.
Work by Allport
·         Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: a psychological interpretation.
·         Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion.
·         Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice.
·         Allport, G.W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality.
·         Allport, G.W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality.




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ALBERT BANDURA

"People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided."
--Albert Bandura

Born On:                    4th December 1925 Mundare, Alberta, Canada.
Died On:                     26th February 1930.
Fields:                         Psychology.
Best Known For:       Bobo Doll Studies
Observational Learning

Notable Awards:       1974 – Served as President of the APA.
1980 -APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.
2004 - Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology, American Psychological Association.
Albert Bandura's social learning theory stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling. His theory integrates a continuous interaction between behaviors, cognitions and the environment. Bandura’s work is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the late 1960s. His theories have had tremendous impact on personality psychology, cognitive psychology, education and psychotherapy. His most famous experiment was the 1961 Bobo doll study.

Work By Albert Bandura

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.



ALFRED BINET
Wilhelm Max Wundt



Born On:                    16th August 1832 Neckerau in Germany.
Died On:                     31th August 1920.
Fields:                         Psychology.
Best Known For:       The establishment of the first psychology lab
His influence on the school of thought known as structuralism
Introspection


German psychologist, regarded as the father of experimental psychology. His major work, the Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873. The aim of his philosophy is that every physical event has a mental counterpart, and every mental event has a physical counterpart. Wundt was associated with the theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection.
Wilhelm Wundt is best known for establishing the first psychology lab in Liepzig, Germany, generally considered the official beginning of psychology as a field of science separate from philosophy and physiology. In addition to this accomplishment, Wundt also established the psychology journal Philosophical Studies.

Major Contributions
  • Often referred to as the "Father of Experimental Psychology" and the "Founder of Modern Psychology"



B. F. Skinner

B. F. SKINNER

"The consequences of behavior determine the probability that the behavior will occur again" --B. F. Skinner

Born On:                    20th March 1904.
Died On:                     18th August 1990 (aged 86).
Fields:                         Psychology.
Best Known For:       Operant conditioning.
Notable Awards:       1966 - Edward Lee Thorndike Award, American Psychological Association.
1968 - National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson.
1971 - Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation.
1972 - Human of the Year Award.
1990 - Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology.

He became one of the leaders of behaviorism and his work contributed immensely to experimental psychology. He also invented the 'Skinner box,' in which a rat learns to obtain food by pressing a lever. Skinner found that behaviors were dependent upon what happens after the response. Skinner called this operant behavior.
Skinner devised the operant conditioning chamber. He introduced his own philosophy of science known as “radical behaviorism”. His brand of experimental research psychology is highly regarded, and deals with the experimental analysis of behavior. Skinner’s analysis of human behavior enhanced his work “Verbal Behavior”, which has lately seen a boost in interest experimentally and in applied settings. Skinner’s science also made other advances in education through the work of his students and colleagues, particularly in special education.
Skinner was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books. In a 2002 survey of psychologists, he was identified as the most influential 20th-century psychologist. While behaviorism is no longer a dominant school of thought, he work in operant conditioning remains vital today. Mental health professionals often utilize operant techniques when working with clients, teachers frequently use reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior in the classroom, and animal trainers rely heavily on these techniques to train dogs and other animals.
Work by Skinner
·         Skinner, B. F. (1935) Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type.
·         Skinner, B. F. (1938) 'Superstition’ in the pigeon.
·         Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary?
·         Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond Freedom and Dignity.
·         Skinner, B. F. (1989) The Origins of Cognitive Thought Recent Issues in the Analysis of Behavior.

JEAN PIAGET
http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/P/Jean-Piaget-9439915-1-402.jpg


"The principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done.” -Jean Piaget

Born On:                    9th August 1896 Switzerland.
Died On:                     16th September 1980 Geneva, Switzerland.
Fields:                         Psychology, Biology.
Best Known For:       Theory of cognitive development.
Genetic epistemology.

Psychologist Jean Piaget identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of cognitive theory and developmental psychology. Piaget provided support for the idea that children think differently than adults and his research identified several important milestones in the mental development of children. His work also generated interest in cognitive and developmental psychology. Piaget's theories are widely studied today by students of both psychology and education.
Piaget's theories continue to be studied in the areas of psychology, sociology, education, and genetics. His work contributed to our understanding of the cognitive development of children. While earlier researchers had often viewed children simply as smaller version of adults, Piaget helped demonstrate that childhood is a unique and important period of human development. His work also influenced other notable psychologists including Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg.
Piaget held many chair positions throughout his career and conducted research in psychology and genetics. He created the International Center for Genetic Epistemology in 1955 and served as director until his death.
Work by Jean Piaget
·         Piaget, J. (1936) Origins of intelligence in the child.
·         Piaget, J. (1945) Play, dreams and imitation in childhood.
·         Piaget, J. (1970) Main trends in psychology.
·         Piaget, J. (1970). Genetic epistemology.
·         Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and intelligence.



William James Biography (1842-1910)

WILLIAM JAMES

The art of being wise is the art of knowing what to overlook.
--William James

Born On:                    11th January 1842 New York.
Died On:                     26th August 1910.
Fields:                         Psychology.
Best Known For:       Often called the father of American psychology.
                                    Pragmatism
                                                                                                                              Functionalism

James also founded one of the first experimental psychology laboratories in the United States. His classic textbook The Principles of Psychology (1890) was widely acclaimed. Two years later, James published a condensed version of the work titled Psychology: The Briefer Course. The two books were widely used by students of psychology and were known to most as "the James" and "the Jimmy" respectively.

Works by William James
·         James, William (1890) The Principles of Psychology.
·         James, William (1897) The Will to Believe
·         James, William (1907) Pragmatism: A new name for some old ways of thinking.











RAYMOND CATTELL
Raymond Cattell



Born On:                    20th March 1905 England.
Died On:                     2nd February 1998.
Fields:                         Psychology.
Best Known For:       16-Factor Personality Model
Factor analysis
Multivariate analysis
 In addition to his research in personality, motivation and intelligence, Raymond Cattell's work with multivariate analysis left a lasting mark on psychology. While earlier research in psychology had focused on studying single variables in isolation, Cattell pioneered the use of multivariate analysis that allowed researchers to view individual's as a whole and study aspects of human behavior that could not be studied in a lab setting. Cattell is also well-known for his 16 Personality Factors, in which he and numerous colleagues utilized factor analysis to identify 16 different fundamental components of personality. He subsequently developed the 16PF Personality Questionnaire, which is still widely used today. Cattell also influenced the work of other psychologists. In a 2002 review of eminent psychologists, Raymond Cattell's professional writings ranked as the seventh most frequently cited in psychology journals over the past 100 years. Psychologists were also surveyed as asked to name who they felt was the most eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Cattell was ranked at number 16.
Raymond B. Cattell has made prodigious, landmark contributions to psychology, including factor analytic mapping of the domains of personality, motivation, and abilities; exploration of three different media of assessment; separation of fluid and crystallized intelligence; and numerous methodological innovations. In short, he provided a model of the complete psychologist in an age of specialization. It may be said that Cattell stands without peer in his creation of a unified theory of individual differences integrating intellectual, temperamental, and dynamic domains of personality. Overall, he must be considered among a very small handful of people in this century who have most influenced the shape of psychology as a science."
Work by Cattell
·            Cattell, R. B. (1978). The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences.
·            Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and Motivation Structure and Measurement.
·            Cattell, R. B. Factor analysis. (1952).
·            Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality a systematic theoretical and factual study.


HANS EYSENCK

Hans Eysenck



Born On:                    4th March 1916 Germany.
Died On:                     4th September 1997.
Fields:                         Psychology.
Best Known For:       His work in personality and intelligence
One of the most frequently cited psychologists

In addition to being one of the most famous psychologists, he was also one of the most controversial. One of the earliest controversies revolved around a paper he wrote in 1952 on the effects of psychotherapy.  He published more than 75 books and over 1600 journal articles.

While Hans Eysenck was certainly a controversial figure, his wide-ranging research had a major influence on psychology. In addition his work in personality and intelligence, he also played a major role in establishing approaches to clinical training and psychotherapy that were firmly rooted in empirical research and science.

Work by Hans Eysenck
·         Eysenck, H. J. (1947). The structure of human personality.
·         Eysenck, H. J. (1957). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation.
·         Eysenck, H. J.(1979). The structure and measurement of intelligence.
·         Eysenck. H. J. (1985). Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire.






IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV
Ivan Pavlov


"Science demands from a man all his life. If you had two lives that would not be enough for you. Be passionate in your work and in your searching." - Ivan Pavlov

Born On:                    14th September 1849 Russia.
Died On:                     27th  February 1936.
Fields:                         Physiology, Psychology.
Best Known For:       Classical conditioning
Research on physiology and digestion.
1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology.
Notable Awards:       1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology

While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of psychology altogether, his work had a major influence on the field, particularly on the development of behaviorism. Other researchers utilized Pavlov's work in the study of conditioning as a form of learning. His research also demonstrated techniques of studying reactions to the environment in an objective, scientific method. Pavlov received considerable acclaim for his work, including a 1901 appointment to the Russian Academy of Sciences and the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology.
Work by Ivan Pavlov:
·         Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes.
·         Pavlov, I.P. Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes.
·         Pavlov, I. P. (1994) Psychopathology and Psychiatry.



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ANNE ANASTASI

Born On:                    19th December 1908 New York.
Died On:                     4th  May 2001.
Fields:                         Psychology.
                                                                                    Best Known For:       Psychological Testing.
                                                                  Notable Awards:       President of the Eastern Psychological Association (1946-1947)
President of the APA Division 1, General Psychology (1956-1957)
President of the APA Division 5, Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics (1965-1966)
President of the American Psychological Foundation (1965-1967)
Third female president of the American Psychological Association (1972)
Major Works
·         Known as the "test guru" 
·         Extensive examination of issues related to test construction, test misuse, misinterpretation and cultural bias
·         Argued against the strictly hereditarian position; emphasized the role of experiential, environmental and cultural influences on intelligence test scores
·         More than 150 publications, including two classic textbooks: Psychological Testing (1st edition 1954; 7th edition, 1996) and Differential Psychology (1st edition 1937; 4th edition, 1981)

Work by Anastasi
·         Anastasi, A. (1981). Differential psychology. (4th ed.).
·         Anastasi, A. (1983). Psychological testing.
·         Anastasi, A. (1983). What do intelligence tests measure?
·         Anastasi, A. (1984). Aptitude and achievement tests.
·         Anastasi, A. (1985). Psychological testing: Basic concepts and common misconceptions.
·         Anastasi, A. (1986). Intelligence as a quality of behavior.
·         Anastasi, A. (1996). Psychological testing (7th ed.).


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MARGARET SCHONBERGER MAHLER

Born On:                    10th May 1897 Kingdom of Hungary.
Died On:                     4th  May 2001.
Fields:                         Psychoanalysis, Child Development.
                                                                                                Best Known For:       Theory of Child Development.
                                                                                    Notable Awards:       APA Agnes Purceil McGavin Award.

Margaret Mahler worked as a psychoanalyst with young disturbed children. In 1950 she and Manuel Furer founded the Masters Children’s Centre in Manhattan. There she developed the Tripartite Treatment Model, in which the mother participated in the treatment of the child. Mahler shed light on the normal and abnormal features of the developmental ego psychology. She worked with psychotic children, while psychosis hadn’t been covered in the psychoanalytic treatment yet.
Symbiotic child psychosis struck her. The symptomatology she saw as a derailment of the normal processes whereby self-representations (the representation of one's self) and object-representations (the representation of a familiar person) become distinct. Her most important work is The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation, written in 1975 with Fred Pine and Anni Bergman.

Work by Mahler

  • On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation, 1969.
  • The psychological birth of the human infant : symbiosis and individuation, 1975.
  • Infantile psychosis and early contributions
  • Rapprochement - critical subphase, separation - individuation
  • Separation - individuation





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JOHN DEWEY

"I believe that education, therefore, is a process of living and not a preparation for future living."
-John Dewey, (1897)

Born On:                    20th October 1859 Burlington, Vermont.
Died On:                     1st  June 1952 New York.
Fields:                         Philosophy of Education, Epistemology, Journalism, Ethics, Psychology.
                                                                                                Best Known For:       Educational reform.
Pragmatism
                                                                                    Notable Awards:       1905 - President of the American Psychological Association.

Dewey's work had a vital influence on psychology, education and philosophy and he is often considered one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th-century. His emphasis on progressive education has contributed greatly to the use of experimentation rather than an authoritarian approach to knowledge. Dewey was also a prolific writer, publishing numerous books and articles on a wide range of subjects including education, art, nature, philosophy, ethics and democracy over his 65-year writing career.
Work by Dewey
·         The School and Society (1900)
·         The Child and the Curriculum (1902)
·         How We Think (1910)
·         "Democracy and Education" (1916)
·         Experience and Nature (1925)
·         Philosophy and Civilization (1931)
·         "Logic" (1938)
·         "Experience and Education" (1938).



 

PSYCHE CATTELL

Psyche Cattell


Born On:                    2nd August 1893 Garrison, New York.
Died On:                     17th  April 1989 Pennsylvania.
Fields:                         Psychology, Columnist.
                                                                        Best Known For:       Infant Intelligence Scale

Psyche Cattell’s majorly contributed to the psychology field. The research she conducted in mental testing while at Harvard University led to the creation of the Cattell Intelligence Test, her most notable work. In 1940, she published Measurement of Intelligence of Infants and Young Children, a work that outlined the test she created.

Major work by Psyche Cattell
·         The Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale (A downward extension of the Stanford-Binet)

Work by Psyche Cattell

  • (1924). School standing and physical traits.
  • (1928). Dentition As a Measure of Maturity.
  • (1930). Comparability of I Q's obtained from different tests at different IQ levels.
  • (1930). I Q's and the Otis measure of brightness.
  • (1930). (with Gaudet, F.J.). The inconstancy of the I Q as measured by repeated group tests.
  • (1931). Why Otis I Q cannot be equivalent to the Stanford-Binet I Q.
  • (1931). Constant changes in the Stanford-Binet I Q.
  • (1933). The Heinis personal constant as a substitute for the I Q.
  • (1933). Do the Stanford- Binet I Q's of superior boys and girls tend to decease or increase with age?
  • (1936). The development of intelligence and motor control in infancy.
  • (1937). Stanford-Binet I Q variations.
  • (1939). The development of motor functions and mental abilities in infancy.
  • (1940). The Measurement of Intelligence in Infants and Young Children.
  • (1941). Intelligence of infants and its measurement.



Margaret Floy Washburn

MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN

Born On:                    25th July 1871 New York.
Died On:                     29th  October 1939 New York.
Fields:                         Psychology.
                                                                        Best Known For:       Experimental Work in Animal Behavior and Motor Theory Development
Notable Awards:       1921 – 30th President of the American Psychological Association.
1894 - First woman to be granted a PhD in psychology.
1921- Second woman to serve as an APA President


One of Washburn’s most influential books was The Animal Mind, published in 1904. Washburn theorized that animals possessed many traits similar to humans, specifically the material and immaterial traits proposed by Rene Descartes. Washburn believed that like humans, animals possessed both aspects of this dualism, a body and a mind. Through her extensive animal studies, Washburn was able to provide evidence of a definitive mental process within the animal mind.

Washburn contributed greatly to the advancement of psychology through her research on animals and her theories involving emotions, intellect, and motor imagery. She chaired several committees and was elected to numerous organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the International Committee on Psychology, the National Academy of Science, and the National Research Council Division of Psychology and Anthropology. In addition to The Animal Mind, Washburn also wrote Movement and Mental Imagery. During her long career, Washburn also authored dozens of studies and edited academic journals.

Work by Washburn
·         The Animal Mind
·         Movement and Mental Imagery






CHRISTINE LADD-FRANKLIN

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Christine_Ladd-Franklin_%281847-1930%29.jpg/220px-Christine_Ladd-Franklin_%281847-1930%29.jpg


Born On:                    1st December 1841 Windsor, Connecticut.
Died On:                     5th March 1930 New York.
Fields:                         Psychology, Logic, Mathematician.
                                                                        Best Known For:       Analyst
Notable Awards:       1893 - First women to serve as an APA President
                                    1919 – First female to be member of Optical Society of America

Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to have a published paper in the Analyst. She was also the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics and logic. The majority of her publications were based on visual processes and logic.
Ladd-Franklin worked with German psychologist G. E. Muller, where she carried out experimental work in vision. Ladd-Franklin was also able to work in the laboratory of Hermann von Helmholtz. After that Ladd-Franklin developed her own theory of color vision. In 1929 she published Color and Color Theories.
Ladd-Franklin concluded that color vision evolved in three stages: achromatic vision (black and white), blue-yellow sensitivity and red-green sensitivity. Since red-green sensitivity was the last to evolve it explains why many people suffer from red-green color blindness. The next one that affects a small population is blue-yellow color blindness. Since achromatic vision was the first to evolve it explains why the majority of the population are not affected by black-white color blindness.

 Work by Ladd-Franklin

  • "Quaternions", The Analyst
  • "On the Algebra of Logic" in Studies in Logic.
  • "On Some Characteristics of Symbolic Logic" in the American Journal of Psychology,
  • "Epistemology for the logician"
  • "Charles Peirce at the Johns Hopkins".
  • "The Reddish Blue Arcs and the Reddish Blue Glow of the Retina; an Emanation from Stimulated Nerve Fibre."
  • Colour and Colour Theories.

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