Personality

Personality

The word personality cames the latin word “persona”Meaning ‘Mask’ According to this root personality is impression we make on others; the mask we present to the world

Definition:-

            “A uniqe set of traity & charataristics. relativelly stable over time”

Clearly, personality is unique inso for as each of us has own personality,different from any others persons.

 Carl Guslow Jung 1934 :- personality is the sup rime relationship of the innate. Idiosyncrasy  of a living being. It is an almost absolute affirmations. the most successful  adaption to the universal condition of existence coupled with the greatest possible freedom for

Self- determination.

W.Allport 1961

                        “personality is a dynamic organization. Inside the person.of psychological system that create the person’s characteristic patters of  behavior

Thoughts & feelings.

Child : 1968,

                        Personality is more or less stable internal  factors. make  one persons behavior consistent from one time to another. And

Personality

What constitute a personality theory Memory and estuary

We relatively recent sources of influence up on personality theory

Tradition of sources of clinical observation

a)      Gestalt tradition and William staru unity of better & consequently were convinced that a proguemted study of   small elements of better could never prove euliguteering.

c)    Experimental psychology and learning theory from this avenue has came increased common with carefully controlled empirical research a better understanding of the nature of theory construction. And a more detailed appreciation of low behavior is modified.

d)  Psychometric tradition .

its focus upon the measurement and study of individual differences  

 This sources was provided increasing sophist threaten in sealing or measuring dimensions

e)   genetics’ and psychology have played curtail role in attempts Characteristics

                  “This influence has been particularly strange is recent medely”

Features of personality Theory

Ø  The body of personality theory is “broad field of psychology” Research

Ø  Duration was a potent factor in the development of both general and personality psychology.

Ø  Personality theories were drawing their primarily from clinical experiment.

Experimental psychologist were paying need to the finding of the experimental library. the names choral. Freud.  Tanat.me Douglas, and staer are in the forever of the work of easily personality theoretic, but we find Helen Z Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson and wedn’teast in a comparable role in experimental psychology.

“  While personality theoretic reunited closer to clinical data and their own creative reconstructions.

Ø  Intuitive  feeling of insight

Ø  Trapping of science with its restriction upon the imagination and its narrow technical skills

Ø   Unstained use of clinical judjement and imaginative uncorpretion

Ø  “concurring problems of interest to the personality”(central impracties)

The Nature of Personality

1)      Psychology namic perspeutivews freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of the unconscious.freud discrided personality structure for of there  components (id.ego and superego)  that are involved in internal conflicts which generate anxiety.

Jung’s analytical psychology stresses the importance of the collective unconscious

Adlar’s individual psychology emphasizes how people strive for superiority company ate for feelings of  inferiorly.   

2)      Behavioral perspectives

Behavioral theories view personalities as a collection of response tendencies shaped through learning Pavlov’s classical conditioning can how people acquire emotional  

3)      Humanistic perspectives

Humanistic theories take our optimistic view of people’s conscious rational ability to chart their own courses of action Rogers focused on the self concept as the critical aspect of personality.he maintained that incongruence between ons’s self –concept and realty creature anxiety and lewdly to defensive behavior.

4)      Biological perspectives

Eysenck belivevs that inharited individual differences psychological functioning affect

Conditioning and thus influence personality recent twin studies have provided impressive evidence that genetic factors shape personality behavioral genetics research also suggestions that the family has surprisingly little in fluaence over personality.Evolutionary  psychologistics maintain that natural selection has favored the emergence of the big five traits as rucial dimentions of personalty.

Application Assessing your personality

Psychological tests  are standardized measuring of behavior usually mental abilities or aspects of personality. Test memory indicate what represents high or low strore.psychological tests should produce consistent results upon retesting a quality called reliability validity refars to the degree to which a test measures what it was designed to measure.

Self report inventories such as the 16PF and NEO personality inventory ask respondents to describe themselves –self report inventories can provide a better suaphot of personality than casual observation can but social desirability bios.

Projective tests .such as the Rorschach and TAT, assure that peoples responses to ambiguous stimuli reveal something about their personality ,projective tests

Reliability and validity appear to be disturbingly low 

Personality Assessment –an introduction to psycho metric Theory:-

Basic –concepts

1)      Measures of central tendency

a)Mode as the most frequent observation

b) median as the middle measure

   (1) is not sensitive to distributional shape

   (2) not sensitive to true’s formations

c) mean –multiple types

     (1) Arithmetic

     (2) Harmonic-reciprocal of arithmetic mean of reciprocal

     (3) Geometric –the user roat of products

                     2)    measure of Dispersion

                             1) Range

                             2) Puter quartile Range

                            3) Variance

                      3)   Measures of relationship

                             a) Convariance

                              b) regression as the best filling linear relationship

           

(1)  Expressed in state units

(c) Correction

      (1) Simple correction

            (a) geometric mean of regressions slopes

             (b) scale free

(2)    Types of simple correction –different forms of the PPMCC

a)     Person product moment correction

b)    Spearmen rank order

c)     Point- bisurial

d)    Phi

3)    Multiple correction-u predictors criterion

4)    Partial correction-removing the effect of other predictors

                           

1.     Reliability

a)     Estimates of rank order

1)    Classic test theory

2)    Consistency

3)    Generalize ability theory

2.     Validity

a)      Internal and external sources of validity

1)    The cos of tests in decision theory

2)    Utilities

3.     Causal Modeling

a)    Reliability +validity= causal modal

b)    Importance of alternative models

c)     Goodness of fit

                Scale construction

1)    Methods of  keying

Ø Rational keying

Ø Theoretical keying

Ø Empirical keying

Ø Homogeneous keying

        Philosophical assumptions

1)     Freedom versus Determination

2)     Heredity versus Environment

3)    Uniqueness  versus universality

4)    Active versus Reactive

5)    Optimistic  versus pessimistic

6)    Person  versus siltation

References

Theory of personality

Fourth Edition

Calviu  S. Hall

Garduer Lindzey

Jom B.  Compbell

(new delhi)

WILEY

INDIA EDITION

INTERNET MATERIAL

NOTES