NEUROLOGICAL BASIC OF LANGUAGE

   NEUROLOGICAL BASIC OF LANGUAGE

Introduction:-                                                                            

Definitions:-

According to “Noams chomasky”,

“language means” Common define the everyone”.language is the principal means by which we acquire and express knowledge”. Thus the study of how language is use a central concern of cognitive psychology. We provide a broad overview of research on language. In 1959 the linguist chomasky wrote critics of skinner’s account of verbal behavior (1957) which has never been operate condition interpretation of certain aspects of language. This has been tendency to disqualify on learning approaches to language.

It is apparently felt psycholinguists at any rate that criticizing one learning theory is criticizing tham all (bever etall 1965).

“One form of language shared by all human societies is knowledge of language” language is if used in a central concern of cognitive psychology. We provide a broad over view of research on language.

Themselves language have been incapable of dealing comparatively with language furthermore , the major learning not included supporting experimental evidence.

This is thus the major answer to criticisms of the importants of learning to language development. All though it is not possible here to completely discuss the linguistic and psychol linguistic challenge to learning theory the following discussion will deal with topics the relevant to this topics.

First, it is well to clarify the nature of learning theorist’s task in approaching the study of language as contrasted to the linguist’s task to do this it is necessary to sketch to out in brief what constitute exploratory principle in dealing with human behavior and what constitute only predictive principles. When one can state the condition that gives rise to the behaviors involved. This condition could be of a biological nature, genetic, anatomical, or physiological or the condition that gives rise to behavior may be those of experience.

Early child develop mentalist had made many significant observation of behavioral development.

The psycholinguistic position is actually analogues to that of maturation theories the psycholinguistic have all most no contact with the determing events for language development and can thus make no positive statement in this arena, their efforts at criticism cannot lend credence to their cognitive structure type of theory.

However on the basis the linguistic theory we can do nothing about the language development of the child. When a child does not development language as excepted or in any case of language pathology. We must look to the learning condition involved biological condition. If we wish to produce the language development we must manipulate learning conditions.

Several items of relevance to the “linguistic – v/s learning controversy” will be presented the chapter in elaborating some of the S- R mechanism in language.” Jenkins and – palarmo(1964) have since presented a similar analysis of certain aspects of grammatical word classes.

Language is our principal means of communication with other people. Yet we frequently take this complex ability for granted. Perhaps this is because as adults we have little memory of the long process of language acquisition for many of his language is a natural and simple process until as adults we attempt to learn a second language.

Language is composing of linguistic units combined according to rules operative several levels ex: words are composing of basic vowel and consonants sound or phonemes phrases are composed are words, sentence of phases and so on.

One theory of the relation between language and thought is that language is “the tool of thought” “jean piaget” a distinguished Swiss psychologist made an interesting analog in pointing out that language is to thought as mathematics is to physics. Just as mathematics is used as the language of physics ordinary language bears a similar relationship to thought.

                                      NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:

Definition:

Neurology means is the study of structure, functions and disease of the nervous system.

Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system.

To be specific, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central peripheral and a neurologist is a physicians specializing in neurology and trained to investigate or diagnose and treat neurological disorder, neurologist may also be involved the in clinical research and which is the scientific study of the nervous system all sits aspects

Understanding the functional neurophysics of human language remains one of the largest open problems in cognitive neuroscience. The current research addresses this issue by attempting to establish the functional relation between sequential cognition and language. Sequential cognition encompasses the capabilities to extract and utilize the sequential structure of perceptual and motor events in the world in an adoptive pragmatic manner the fundamental anchoring of the behavior in time places a primordial importance on this cognitive sequencing capability. The generation of goal- directed movements for example in grasping and object that is partially   concluded behind a solid obstacle, require the generation of a when formed precise motor command sequence that itself require information between perceptual and motor spaces according to learn. And inviolable transformational rules. In the same since language also requires the learning and use of transformation rules in the processing and generation the well performed sentence.

A first step in this direction is the recognition that sequential structure in language or perceptual motor control is not unitary but rather of a multi dimensional nature. We consider a division into the serial temporal and abstract dimension. Serial structure or order is define by the relation between an element or set of elements and its successor this dimension can be characterized in terms of length and complexity.

Temporal structure is define in terms of the duration of element (and the possible pauses that separate them) and intuitively corresponds to the familiar notion of rhythm thus, to sequences may have identical serial structure and deferent temporal structure, are the opposite. Abstract structure is define within a sequence thus, the two sequences ABCBAC and DEFEDF have deferent serial structure, but are both generated from the same abstract structure 123-213 and or thus set to be isomorphic. And important characteristics of abstract structure is that it can generalize to new isomorphic sequences while perhaps not exhaustive, these three dimension at least partially span the space of possible behavioral sequence structure.

These three dimension of sequence processing have been explicitly demonstrated in human infants in the domain of language processing. Saffron, Aslin, and Newport (1996) exposed 8 months old babies 2 minutes of continues speech made up of four three syllable nomense words repeated in a random order. In the infant demonstrated sensitivity to the serial structure  regularity as they listened significantly longer to sensitivity to the serial structure regularities, as they listen significantly longer to new words (newel combination of the previously presented syllabus) than to the trained words in the subsequent test phase with respect to temporal structure nazzi,bertoncini  and mehler(1998), exposed new born infants to sentence that were low pass filtered to preserve only the prosody, and the behavioral measures was the rate of sucking on a pacifier

                         Functions of language  

1.     Speech acts

2.     Propositional contents

3.     Thematic structure

According to “HOCKETT”(1963) Identify this as another of the design features of language and referred to is as displacement in any language communication there is a speaker a listen (to receive ) and the system for communication such as the English language of American sign language (ameslan), communication begins with “speaker” such as English and produce sentence “Listners” receive the signals being presented recent them in memory.

1. Speech acts:

A speaker normally intent to have some influence on their listeners to do so, speakers gets the listeners to recognize the speaker’s intention. Indeed, failure to recognize this intention can result is awkward situation for example considers the following short circuited phone exchange the effects of contents can be in certain types of conversation. For example indirect request appear to be tailor to assure that the speaker doesn’t overly offend are imposed upon the listeners. Rather the, the form of the request is devised to overcome speaker perceived obstruct to the listeners carrying out the request.

2. Propositional contents :

The second elements of communication concern the propositional content of a sentence. In communication speakers want to convey certain ideas, and to do this they must be sure that they understood thus, the content around a speech act is very important. As a general rule the propositional content of a sentence is use to describe certain states or events. “ it can be part of other proposition”.

3.Thematic structure:

The third component in communication is thematic structure, to communicate effectively, good speaker. Pay careful attention to their listeners, good speakers have to judge what listeners do and don’t know, keep track of where they are leading their  listeners and regularly examine any assumptions about the listeners sometimes a speakers emphasizes a particular phrase in a sentence by placing it at the beginning it in this faction, the speaker pocus attention on the particular content in which the event occurred

STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE:

As should be evident by now. Language can be divided in to three basic parts, each its own structure and rules, phonology, syntax (grainer), and semantics. The first of these, phonology, concerns the rules for pronunciations of speech sounds. The second aspects of language, syntax deals with the way words combine to form sentences. And semantics focouses on the meaning of words and sentences. in this section, we examine certain aspects of the structure of language.

 BASIC UNITS OF LANGUAGE:

Phonemes and morphemes- all languages are made up of basic sounds called phonemes. Adult human being can produce approximately 100 phonemes, and the English language is made up of about 45 phonemes. Language vary in the number of phonemes. Ranging from as few as is may as 85. One reason why it is difficult for many Americans to learn foreign language is that deferent phonemes are used. For instance and slavio  language contain phonemes never used in the English language phonemes in turn are composed of about 12  distinctive features. The linguistic roman jakboson (jakboson and halle 1956) constructed a classification of distinctive features by which phonemes defer for example he given phonemes (speech sound) may be sounded either nasally are orally, another feature is the explosive, or tense character of some sound as seen when  p/ or /f (phonemes for the letter pass f) are pronounced.

Another unit of language is the “morpheme”, which is the smallest meaningful unit in a language, morpheme usually consist of combinations of to are more phonemes and roughly corresponds to the most elementary words. The words good, put and go are the simple morphemes. Thus, single morphemes may be root words of a language. They may also consist of professor suffixes.

            RETHINKING THE NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE

The classical theory of the neurological basis of language makes several basic assumption.

1.     The in most people the left hemisphere is dominant for language.

2.     There are at least two areas of the language functions. Broca’s area which is  area. Which is located in the inferior frontal gyrus, and wenicke’s area which is located in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus(are some times more generally posterior temporal lobe)

3.     A third area in the inferior parietal lobe is consider to be important forsome aspects of phonological storage and for reading. The location of these region and several others which will be discussed in this article or indicated

4.     The characterization of the neurological basis of language is based primarily on lesson studies. Nearly 15 years ego. The first study using neurological techniques to experimentally localize language in the brain in normal healthy volunteers was published since then a plethora of studies have been carried out most of this studies supports the facts of the classical model (left dominance involvement of broca’s area wernicke’s area and inferior parital lobe in language  in this article four claims which have generally been accepted in the classic neurological model of language processing

a)     There are only two primary language areas broca’s and wernincke’s

b)    Which are located in the left hemisphere

c)     Are dedicate to distincts aspects of language processing

d)    Are specific to language

BRAIN DISORDERS:- APHASIA

Two disease involving language function caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain or broca’s aphasia and wernicke’s aphasia.

Broca’s aphasia caused by damage to the brains pre motor area, responsible inpart for controlling motor commends used in speech production. Broca’s aphesia exhibits speech containing excess pauses and slips of the tongue and her or she has trouble finding words when talking.

wernicke’s aphasia suffer from damage the left temphoral lobe of the brain. They have generally fluent phonetic and syntactic but semantically in coherent speech.

CURRENT RESEARCH ON NEURALOGICAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE:

1.     The national institute of neurological disorders and stroke (NINDS) along with the nation institute aging (NIA) and the national institute of child health and human development conducted the experiments recently in the year April 15 2011

2.     Neurological basis of language and sequential cognition- evidence from simulation, aphasia and ERP studies. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com brain and language 86(2003) 207-225

3.      Rethinking the neurological basis of language www.sciencedirect.com receive 30 July 2003, receive in revised from 23 dec  2003 accepted 7^th jan 2004 on available online 5^th march 2004.

SUMMARY:

Here we can understand the meaning language how it is originated, uses of language, how language is connected to brain, how language are produced in brain structure of language. Functions of language like speech acts, propositional contents, thematic structure and morphemes and higher levels of analysis and the rethinking the neurological basis of language and also brain disorder and other units. We studded are all concepts in this topics………..

Reference :

1.     The national institute of neurological disorders and stroke (NINDS) along with the nation institute aging (NIA) and the national institute of child health and human development conducted the experiments recently in the year April 15 2011

2.     Neurological basis of language and sequential cognition- evidence from simulation, aphasia and ERP studies. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com brain and language 86(2003) 207-225

3.     Rethinking the neurological basis of language www.sciencedirect.com receive 30 July 2003, receive in revised from 23 dec  2003 accepted 7^th jan 2004 on available online 5^th march 2004.

     Approaches to cognitive psychology