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SIGMUND FREUD
"The poets and philosophers before me discovered the
unconscious;
what I discovered was the scientific method by which the
unconscious can be studied." —
The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud
Born On: 6th
may 1856, in Mahren, Moravia, Austrian Empire.
Died On: 23rd
September 1939 (aged 83) London, England.
Fields: Neurology, Psychotherapy,
Psychoanalysis.
Best Known For:
Founder of Psychoanalysis.
Free
Association.
Notable Awards:
Goethe prize (1930).
Foreign member
of the royal society, London.
Spouse:
Martha Bernays.
Publications by Sigmund Freud
v (1895) Studies in Hysteria
v (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams
v (1901) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
v (1905) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
v (1905) Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria
v (1923) The Ego and the Id
v (1930) Civilization and its Discontents
 |
CARL GUSTAV JUNG
Born On: 26th
July 1875 Kesswil, Thurgau, Switzerland.
Died On: 6th
June 1961 (Aged 85) Zurich, Switzerland.
Fields: Psychiatry, Psychology,
Psychotherapy, Analytical Psychology.
Best Known For: Analytical Psychology.
Spouse: Emma
Jung
Jung
was a Swiss psychotherapist
and psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology.
Jung proposed and developed some of the best known psychological concepts of
the extraverted and the introverted personality, archetypes,
and the collective unconscious.
His work has been influential in psychiatry and in the study of religion, literature, and related fields.
Individuation is the central concept of analytical
psychology.[1] Jung considered individuation,
the psychological process of integrating the opposites, including the conscious
with the unconscious while still maintaining their relative autonomy, to be the
central process of human development.
Carl Jung's work left a notable impact on
psychology. His concepts of introversion and extraversion
have contributed to personality psychology and also influenced psychotherapy.
Work by Carl Jung
·
Jung,
C. G. (1904–1907) Studies in Word Association.
·
Jung,
C. G., & Long, C. E. (1917) Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.
·
Jung,
C. G., & Shamdasani, S. (1932) The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga.
·
Jung,
C. G. (1947) Essays on Contemporary Events.
·
Jung,
C. G. (1988) Psychology and Western Religion.
Carl Jung Deeply
Influenced Psychology and Society
·
Foundation of Analytical Psychology, a new school of
psychotherapy.
 |
ANNA FREUD
Born On:
3rd December
1895 Vienna, Austria.
Died On:
9th October
1982 London, England.
Best Known For: Founder of Child Psychoanalysis.
Contributions to Ego Psychology.
Anna Freud created the field of child psychoanalysis and her
work contributed greatly to our understanding of child psychology. She also
developed different techniques to treat children. Freud noted that children’s
symptoms differed from those of adults and were often related to developmental
stages. She also provided clear explanations of the ego's defense mechanisms in her book The Ego
and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936).
Her experiences at the nursery provided the inspiration for
three books, Young Children in Wartime (1942), Infants without
Families (1943), and War and Children (1943). After the Hampstead
Nursery closed in 1945, Freud created the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and
Clinic and served as director from 1952 until her death in 1982.
Work by Anna Freud
·
Freud,
A. (1936) Ego & the Mechanisms of
Defense.
·
Freud,
A. (1956-1965) Research at the
Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic & Other Papers.
·
Freud,
A. (1965) Normality & Pathology in
Childhood: Assessments of Development.
KAREN HORNEY
 |
Born On:
16th
September 1885 Germany.
Died On:
4th
December 1952.
Best Known
For: Feminine
Psychology.
Neo-Freudian
Psychology.
Horney viewed these neuroses as a sort of coping mechanism that
is a large part of normal life. She identified ten neuroses, including the need
for power, the need for affection, the need for social prestige, and the need
for independence.
Karen Horney made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, psychoanalysis,
and feminine psychology. Her refutation of Freud's theories about women
generated more interest in the psychology of women. Horney also believed that
people were able to act as their own therapists, emphasizing the personal role
each person has in their own mental health and encouraging self-analysis and
self-help.
Work by Horney
·
Horney,
K. (1942). The collected works of Karen Horney (volume II).
 |
ALFRED ADLER
Born On:
7th February
1870 Vienna, Austria.
Died On:
28th May
1937.
Best Known For: Individual Psychology, 1912.
The concept of the
inferiority complex.
President of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, 1910.
In 1912, Alfred Adler
founded the Society of Individual Psychology. Adler's theory suggested that
every person has a sense of inferiority. From childhood, people work toward
overcoming this inferiority and asserting their superiority over others. Adler
referred to this as 'striving for
superiority' and believed that this drive was the motivating force
behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts.
Alfred
Adler's theories have played an essential role in a number of areas including
therapy and child development. Alder's ideas also influenced other important
psychologists including: Abraham Maslow,
Carl Rogers,
Karen Horney,
Rollo May, Albert Ellis. Today, his ideas and concepts are often referred to as Adlerian psychology.
Work by
Adler
v Adler, A. (1925). The Practice and
Theory of Individual Psychology.
v Adler, A. (1956). The Individual
Psychology of Alfred Adler.
 |
CARL ROGERS
"Experience is, for me, the
highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other
person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my
experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover
a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in
me." -Carl
Rogers, On Becoming a Person
Born On:
8th January
1902 Oak Park, Illinois.
Died On:
4th
February 1987.
Notable Awards: 1946 - Elected president of American
Psychological Association (APA).
1987 - Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize.
Best
Known For
·
Carl Rogers is best-known for his
nondirective approach to treatment known as client-centered therapy.
·
His concept of the actualizing tendency.
·
Developing the concept of the
fully-functioning person.
With
his emphasis on human potential, Carl Rogers had an enormous influence on both
psychology and education. He is considered by many to be one of
the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. More
therapists cite Rogers as their primary influence than any other psychologist.
As described by his daughter Natalie Rogers, he was "a model for
compassion and democratic ideals in his own life, and in his work as an educator, writer, and therapist."
Work by
Rogers
ABRAHAM
MASLOW
 |
Born On:
1st April
1908 Brooklyn, New York.
Died On:
8th June
1970 California.
In 1950s, Maslow became one of the
founders and driving forces behind the school of thought known as humanistic psychology. His theories
including the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization and peak experiences became fundamental
subjects in the humanist movement.
At a time when most
psychologists focused aspects of human nature that were considered abnormal,
Abraham Maslow shifted to focus to look at the positive sides of mental health.
His interest in human potential, seeking peak experiences and improving mental
health by seeking personal growth had a lasting influence on psychology.
Work by Maslow
·
Maslow,
A. (1954). Motivation and Personality.
·
Maslow,
A. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being.
ERIK
ERIKSON
 |
“Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue
inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must
remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired”. --Erik Erikson
Born On:
15th June 1902
Frankfurt, Germany.
Died On:
12th May 1994.
While
Freud’s theory had focused on the psychosexual aspects of development, Erikson’s addition of other influences
helped to broaden and expand psychoanalytic theory. He also contributed to our
understanding of personality as it is developed and shaped over the course of
the lifespan. His observations of children also helped set the stage for
further research.
He published a number
of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society and
The
Life Cycle Completed. His book Gandhi's Truth was awarded a Pulitzer
Prize and a national Book Award.
Work by Erikson
·
Erikson, E.H. (1950).
Childhood and Society.
·
Erikson, E.H. (1968).
Identity: Youth and Crisis.
·
Erikson, E.H. (1975). Life
History and the Historical Moment.
·
Erikson, E.H. (1996).
Dialogue With Erik Erikson.
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MARY WHITON CALKINS
Born On:
30th March 1863 Hartford, Connecticut.
Died On:
26th February
1930.
Inventing
paired-associate technique.
First
woman APA President.
Notable Awards: First Woman President of American Psychological Association
(APA) 1918.
Calkins wrote over a
hundred professional papers of topics in psychology and philosophy. In addition
to being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association,
Calkins also served as president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918.
Among her major
contributions to psychology are the invention of the paired association
technique and her work in self-psychology. Calkins believed that the conscious
self was the primary focus of psychology.
Work by Calkins
 |
GORDON ALLPORT
Born On:
11th
November 1897 Montezuma, Indiana.
Died On:
9th October
1967 Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Notable
Awards 1939 - President of the American Psychological
Association
1963 - Gold Medal Award
1964
- APA's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.
Allport is perhaps best-known for his
trait theory of personality. In
addition to his trait theory of personality, Gordon Allport
left an indelible mark on psychology. He is often described as one of the
founding figures of personality psychology, and his lasting influence is still
felt today. Rather than focusing on the psychoanalytic and behavioral
approaches that were popular during his time, Allport instead chose to utilize
an eclectic approach.
Work by Allport
·
Allport,
G. W. (1937). Personality: a psychological interpretation.
·
Allport,
G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion.
·
Allport,
G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice.
·
Allport,
G.W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality.
·
Allport,
G.W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality.
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ALBERT BANDURA
"People with high assurance in their capabilities approach
difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be
avoided."
--Albert Bandura
--Albert Bandura
Born On:
4th December
1925 Mundare, Alberta, Canada.
Died On:
26th
February 1930.
Observational
Learning
Notable Awards: 1974 – Served
as President of the APA.
1980 -APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific
Contributions.
Albert
Bandura's social learning theory stressed the importance of observational
learning, imitation and modeling. His theory integrates a continuous
interaction between behaviors, cognitions and the environment. Bandura’s work
is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the
late 1960s. His theories have had tremendous impact on personality psychology, cognitive psychology, education and psychotherapy. His most famous
experiment was the 1961 Bobo doll study.
Work
By Albert Bandura
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.
ALFRED BINET
 |
Born On:
16th August 1832
Neckerau in Germany.
Died On:
31th August
1920.
Introspection
German psychologist,
regarded as the father of experimental psychology.
His major work, the Principles of Physiological
Psychology was published in 1873. The aim of his philosophy is that every
physical event has a mental counterpart, and every mental event has a physical
counterpart. Wundt was associated with the
theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the
structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science
of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe
thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection.
Wilhelm Wundt is best known for establishing the first psychology
lab in Liepzig, Germany, generally considered the official beginning of
psychology as a field of science separate from philosophy and physiology. In
addition to this accomplishment, Wundt also established the psychology journal Philosophical Studies.
Major
Contributions
- Often
referred to as the "Father of Experimental Psychology" and the
"Founder of Modern Psychology"
 |
B. F. SKINNER
"The consequences of behavior
determine the probability that the behavior will occur again" --B. F. Skinner
Born On:
20th March 1904.
Died On:
18th August
1990 (aged 86).
Notable
Awards: 1966
- Edward Lee Thorndike Award, American Psychological Association.
1968 - National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B.
Johnson.
1971 - Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation.
1972 - Human of the Year Award.
1990 - Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to
Psychology.
He
became one of the leaders of behaviorism and his work
contributed immensely to experimental psychology. He also invented the 'Skinner
box,' in which a rat learns to obtain food by pressing a lever. Skinner found
that behaviors were dependent upon what happens after the response. Skinner called this operant behavior.
Skinner devised the operant
conditioning chamber. He introduced his own philosophy of science known as
“radical behaviorism”. His brand of experimental research psychology is highly
regarded, and deals with the experimental analysis of behavior. Skinner’s analysis
of human behavior enhanced his work “Verbal Behavior”, which has lately seen a
boost in interest experimentally and in applied settings. Skinner’s science
also made other advances in education through the work of his students and
colleagues, particularly in special education.
Skinner
was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books.
In a 2002 survey of psychologists, he was identified as the most influential
20th-century psychologist. While behaviorism is no longer a dominant school of
thought, he work in operant conditioning remains vital today. Mental health
professionals often utilize operant techniques when working with clients,
teachers frequently use reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior in the
classroom, and animal trainers rely heavily on these techniques to train dogs
and other animals.
Work by Skinner
·
Skinner,
B. F. (1971) Beyond Freedom and Dignity.
JEAN
PIAGET
 |
"The principle goal of education in the schools should be
creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply
repeating what other generations have done.”
-Jean Piaget
Born On: 9th August 1896 Switzerland.
Died On:
16th September
1980 Geneva, Switzerland.
Genetic
epistemology.
Psychologist Jean Piaget identified stages of mental
development, called Schema, and established the fields of cognitive theory and
developmental psychology. Piaget provided support for the idea that children
think differently than adults and his research identified several important
milestones in the mental development of children. His work also generated
interest in cognitive and developmental psychology. Piaget's theories are
widely studied today by students of both psychology and education.
Piaget's theories continue to be studied
in the areas of psychology, sociology, education, and genetics. His work
contributed to our understanding of the cognitive development of children.
While earlier researchers had often viewed children simply as smaller version
of adults, Piaget helped demonstrate that childhood is a unique and important
period of human development. His work also influenced other notable
psychologists including Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg.
Piaget held many chair positions throughout his career and
conducted research in psychology and genetics. He created the International
Center for Genetic Epistemology in 1955 and served as director until his death.
Work by Jean Piaget
·
Piaget, J. (1936) Origins of intelligence in the child.
·
Piaget, J. (1945) Play, dreams and imitation in childhood.
·
Piaget, J. (1970) Main trends in psychology.
·
Piaget, J. (1970). Genetic epistemology.
·
Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and intelligence.
 |
WILLIAM JAMES
The art of being wise is the art of
knowing what to overlook.
--William James
--William James
Born
On: 11th
January 1842 New York.
Died On:
26th August
1910.
Best Known For: Often
called the father of American psychology.
Pragmatism
James also founded one of the first experimental psychology laboratories in the United States. His classic textbook The Principles of Psychology (1890) was widely acclaimed.
Two years later, James published a condensed version of the work titled Psychology: The Briefer Course.
The two books were widely used by students of psychology and were known to most
as "the James" and "the Jimmy" respectively.
Works by William James
RAYMOND
CATTELL
 |
Born
On: 20th
March 1905 England.
Died On:
2nd
February 1998.
Best Known For: 16-Factor
Personality Model
Factor analysis
Multivariate
analysis
In addition to his
research in personality,
motivation and intelligence, Raymond Cattell's work
with multivariate analysis left a lasting mark on psychology. While earlier
research in psychology had focused on studying single variables in isolation,
Cattell pioneered the use of multivariate analysis that allowed researchers to
view individual's as a whole and study aspects of human behavior that could not
be studied in a lab setting. Cattell is also well-known for his 16 Personality Factors, in which he and
numerous colleagues utilized factor analysis to identify 16 different
fundamental components of personality. He subsequently developed the 16PF Personality Questionnaire, which
is still widely used today. Cattell also influenced the work of other
psychologists. In a 2002 review of eminent psychologists, Raymond Cattell's
professional writings ranked as the seventh most frequently cited in psychology
journals over the past 100 years. Psychologists were also surveyed as asked to
name who they felt was the most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.
Cattell was ranked at number 16.
Raymond B. Cattell has made prodigious, landmark contributions
to psychology, including factor analytic mapping of the domains of personality,
motivation, and abilities; exploration of three different media of assessment;
separation of fluid and crystallized intelligence; and numerous methodological
innovations. In short, he provided a model of the complete psychologist in an
age of specialization. It may be said that Cattell stands without peer in his
creation of a unified theory of individual differences integrating
intellectual, temperamental, and dynamic domains of personality. Overall, he
must be considered among a very small handful of people in this century who
have most influenced the shape of psychology as a science."
Work by Cattell
·
Cattell, R. B. (1978). The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in
Behavioral and Life Sciences.
·
Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and Motivation Structure and
Measurement.
·
Cattell, R. B. Factor analysis. (1952).
·
Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality a systematic theoretical and
factual study.
HANS
EYSENCK
 |
Born
On: 4th
March 1916 Germany.
Died On:
4th
September 1997.
Best Known For: His work in personality and intelligence
One of the most frequently cited psychologists
In addition to being one of the most famous psychologists, he
was also one of the most controversial. One of the earliest controversies
revolved around a paper he wrote in 1952 on the effects of psychotherapy. He published more than 75 books and over 1600 journal articles.
While Hans Eysenck was certainly a
controversial figure, his wide-ranging research had a major influence on
psychology. In addition his work in personality and intelligence, he also
played a major role in establishing approaches to clinical training and
psychotherapy that were firmly rooted in empirical research and science.
Work by
Hans Eysenck
·
Eysenck, H. J. (1947). The
structure of human personality.
·
Eysenck, H. J. (1957). The
effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation.
·
Eysenck, H. J.(1979). The
structure and measurement of intelligence.
·
Eysenck. H. J. (1985).
Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire.
IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV
 |
"Science demands from a man all his life. If you had two
lives that would not be enough for you. Be passionate in your work and in your
searching." - Ivan Pavlov
Born
On: 14th
September 1849 Russia.
Died On:
27th February 1936.
Research
on physiology and digestion.
1904
Nobel Prize in Physiology.
Notable Awards: 1904 Nobel Prize in
Physiology
While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly
disliked the field of psychology altogether, his work had a major influence on
the field, particularly on the development of behaviorism. Other researchers
utilized Pavlov's work in the study of conditioning as a form of learning. His
research also demonstrated techniques of studying
reactions to the environment in an objective, scientific method. Pavlov
received considerable acclaim for his work, including a 1901 appointment to the
Russian Academy of Sciences and the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology.
Work by Ivan Pavlov:
·
Pavlov, I. P. (1927).
Conditioned reflexes.
·
Pavlov, I.P. Lectures on
Conditioned Reflexes.
·
Pavlov, I. P. (1994)
Psychopathology and Psychiatry.
 |
ANNE ANASTASI
Born On: 19th December 1908
New York.
Died On:
4th May 2001.
Best
Known For: Psychological Testing.
Notable
Awards: President
of the Eastern Psychological Association (1946-1947)
President
of the APA Division 1, General Psychology (1956-1957)
President of the APA Division 5,
Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics (1965-1966)
President
of the American Psychological Foundation (1965-1967)
Third
female president of the American Psychological Association (1972)
Major Works
·
Known
as the "test guru"
·
Extensive
examination of issues related to test construction, test misuse, misinterpretation
and cultural bias
·
Argued
against the strictly hereditarian position; emphasized the role of
experiential, environmental and cultural influences on intelligence test scores
·
More
than 150 publications, including two classic textbooks: Psychological
Testing (1st edition 1954; 7th edition, 1996) and Differential
Psychology (1st edition 1937; 4th edition, 1981)
·
Anastasi, A. (1981). Differential
psychology. (4th ed.).
·
Anastasi, A. (1983). Psychological testing.
·
Anastasi, A. (1983). What do intelligence tests
measure?
·
Anastasi, A. (1984). Aptitude and achievement
tests.
·
Anastasi, A. (1985). Psychological testing:
Basic concepts and common misconceptions.
·
Anastasi, A. (1986). Intelligence as a quality
of behavior.
·
Anastasi, A. (1996). Psychological testing
(7th ed.).
 |
MARGARET SCHONBERGER MAHLER
Born On: 10th May 1897
Kingdom of Hungary.
Died On:
4th May 2001.
Fields: Psychoanalysis,
Child Development.
Best
Known For: Theory of Child Development.
Margaret
Mahler worked as a psychoanalyst
with young disturbed children. In 1950 she and Manuel Furer founded the Masters
Children’s Centre in Manhattan. There she developed the Tripartite Treatment
Model, in which the mother participated in the treatment of the child. Mahler
shed light on the normal and abnormal features of the developmental ego psychology. She worked with psychotic children, while psychosis hadn’t been covered in the psychoanalytic treatment yet.
Symbiotic child psychosis struck her. The symptomatology she saw
as a derailment of the normal processes whereby self-representations (the representation of one's
self) and object-representations (the representation of a familiar
person) become distinct. Her most important work is The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and
Individuation, written in 1975 with Fred Pine and Anni Bergman.
Work by Mahler
- On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation,
1969.
- The psychological birth of the human infant : symbiosis and
individuation, 1975.
- Infantile psychosis and early contributions
- Rapprochement - critical subphase, separation - individuation
- Separation - individuation
 |
JOHN DEWEY
"I believe that education, therefore, is a process of
living and not a preparation for future living."
-John Dewey, (1897)
Died On:
1st June 1952 New York.
Fields: Philosophy
of Education, Epistemology, Journalism, Ethics, Psychology.
Best
Known For: Educational
reform.
Pragmatism
Dewey's
work had a vital influence on psychology, education and philosophy and he is
often considered one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th-century. His emphasis
on progressive education has contributed greatly to the use of experimentation
rather than an authoritarian approach to knowledge. Dewey was also a prolific
writer, publishing numerous books and articles on a wide range of subjects
including education, art, nature, philosophy, ethics and democracy over his
65-year writing career.
Work by Dewey
·
The School and Society (1900)
·
The Child and the Curriculum (1902)
·
How We Think (1910)
·
"Democracy
and Education" (1916)
·
Experience and Nature (1925)
·
Philosophy and Civilization (1931)
·
"Logic"
(1938)
·
"Experience
and Education" (1938).
PSYCHE CATTELL
 |
Died On:
17th April 1989 Pennsylvania.
Fields: Psychology, Columnist.
Best
Known For: Infant Intelligence Scale
Psyche
Cattell’s majorly contributed to the psychology field. The research she
conducted in mental testing while at Harvard University led to the creation of
the Cattell Intelligence Test, her most notable work. In 1940, she published Measurement of Intelligence of Infants and
Young Children, a work that outlined the test she created.
Major work by Psyche Cattell
·
The Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale (A
downward extension of the Stanford-Binet)
Work by Psyche Cattell
- (1924). School standing and
physical traits.
- (1928). Dentition As a
Measure of Maturity.
- (1930). Comparability of I
Q's obtained from different tests at different IQ levels.
- (1930). I Q's and the Otis
measure of brightness.
- (1930). (with Gaudet, F.J.).
The inconstancy of the I Q as measured by repeated group tests.
- (1931). Why Otis I Q cannot
be equivalent to the Stanford-Binet I Q.
- (1931). Constant changes in
the Stanford-Binet I Q.
- (1933). The Heinis personal
constant as a substitute for the I Q.
- (1933). Do the Stanford-
Binet I Q's of superior boys and girls tend to decease or increase with
age?
- (1936). The development of
intelligence and motor control in infancy.
- (1937). Stanford-Binet I Q
variations.
- (1939). The development of
motor functions and mental abilities in infancy.
- (1940). The Measurement
of Intelligence in Infants and Young Children.
- (1941). Intelligence of
infants and its measurement.
 |
MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN
Born On: 25th July 1871 New York.
Died On:
29th October 1939 New York.
Fields: Psychology.
One of Washburn’s most
influential books was The Animal Mind, published in 1904. Washburn
theorized that animals possessed many traits similar to humans, specifically
the material and immaterial traits proposed by Rene Descartes. Washburn
believed that like humans, animals possessed both aspects of this dualism, a
body and a mind. Through her extensive animal studies, Washburn was able to
provide evidence of a definitive mental process within the animal mind.
Washburn contributed
greatly to the advancement of psychology through her research on animals and
her theories involving emotions, intellect, and motor imagery. She chaired
several committees and was elected to numerous organizations, including the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the International
Committee on Psychology, the National Academy of Science, and the National
Research Council Division of Psychology and Anthropology. In addition to The
Animal Mind, Washburn also wrote Movement and Mental Imagery. During
her long career, Washburn also authored dozens of studies and edited academic
journals.
Work by Washburn
·
The Animal Mind
·
Movement and Mental Imagery
CHRISTINE
LADD-FRANKLIN
.jpg) |
Died On:
5th March
1930 New York.
Best
Known For: Analyst
1919 – First female to be member of Optical Society
of America
Ladd-Franklin
was the first woman to have a published paper in the Analyst. She was also the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics and logic. The majority of her publications were based
on visual processes and logic.
Ladd-Franklin
worked with German psychologist G. E.
Muller, where she carried out experimental work in vision.
Ladd-Franklin was also able to work in the laboratory of Hermann von Helmholtz.
After that Ladd-Franklin developed her own theory of color vision. In 1929 she
published Color and Color Theories.
Ladd-Franklin
concluded that color vision evolved in three stages: achromatic vision (black
and white), blue-yellow sensitivity and red-green sensitivity. Since red-green
sensitivity was the last to evolve it explains why many people suffer from
red-green color blindness. The next one that affects a small population is
blue-yellow color blindness. Since achromatic vision was the first to evolve it
explains why the majority of the population are not affected by black-white
color blindness.
Work by Ladd-Franklin
- "Quaternions", The Analyst
- "On the Algebra of
Logic" in Studies in
Logic.
- "On Some
Characteristics of Symbolic Logic" in the American Journal of
Psychology,
- "Epistemology for the
logician"
- "Charles Peirce at the
Johns Hopkins".
- "The Reddish Blue Arcs
and the Reddish Blue Glow of the Retina; an Emanation from Stimulated
Nerve Fibre."
- Colour and Colour Theories.
