Carl Jung

Psychology

Anyone who wants to know the human psyche will learn next to nothing fro experimental Psychology. He would be better advised to abandon exact science, put away his scholars, bid farewell to his study, and wander with human heart throught  the world there in the horrors of prisons lunatic asylum and hospital in drab suburban pubs,in brothels and gambling meetings, churches, revivalist gatherings and esoteric seets, through love hate, through the experience of passion in every from in his own body, he would reap richer stores of knowledge than text books a foot thick could give him and he will know how to doctor the sick with a real knowledge of the human soul Carl Jung.

He carefully recorded his dreams, fantasies, and visions, and drew, painted, and sculpted then as well, He found that his experiences tended o from themselves linespersons, beginning with a wise old man and his companion, a little girl the wise old man allowed and, over a number of dreams, ins a sort of spiritual guru. The little girl became “anima, “the feminine soul who served as his main medium of communication with the deeper aspects of his unconscious.

Critics  have suggested that sung was, very simply will himself when all this happened. But sung felt that, if you want to understand the jungle, you cant be content just to said back and forth near the shore, you’ve got to get lines  it a matter how strange and brightening it might seem.

    

Biography

     Carl gusted Jung : was born July 26,1875, in the small swill  village as small swil. His father was Paul sung a country parson, and his mother was emitie  preiswerk Jung He was surrounded by a fairly will educated extended family  including quite a few clergymen and sane eccentrics as well.

The elder Jung started carl on latin when he was six years old, beginning a long interest is language and literature   especially ancient literature besides must modern western European language. Tang called read several ancient once including Sanskrit, the language of the original Hindu holy books.

            Carl was rather solitary adolescent. Who didn’t care much her school, and especially couldn’t take competition. He went to boarding school in based, Switzerland where he found himself the object of a lot of jealous harassment. He began to use sickness an excuse developing an embarrassing tendency to joint under pressure.

            Although his first career choice was archeology, he went on to study medicine at the university of Basel. While working under the famous neurologist Kraft e bing he settled on psychiatry as his career.

             After graduating he took a position at the burghoellzli mental hospital in zurich under Eugene bleuler an expert on (and the near of) schizophrenia. In 1903 he married Emma rauschen bach. He also taught classes at the university of zurich. Had a private. And invented word association at the time!

            Long an admirer of frilled, he met him is sienna is 1907 the story goes that after they met. Frelld cancelled all his appointments for the day. And they talked for 13 hours straight such was the impact of the meeting of these two great minds frelld eventually came to see sung as the crown prince of the pshchonalysis and his heir apparent.

            But Jung had never been entirely sold on Freud’s theory. Their relationship began to cool in 1909. During a trip to America. They were entertaining themselves by analyzing each other’s dreams (more teen apparently than shuffleboard). When frelld seemed to show an excel of resistance to jung’s efforts at analysis. Freud finally said that they’d have to shop because he was afraid he would lose his authority! Jung felt rather insulted.

World war 1 was a painful period of self examination for jung. It was, however, also the   beginning of one of the most interesting theories of personality the world has ever seen.

After the war jung travelled widely. Visiting for example. Tribal people is Africa, America, and India. He retired is 1946. And began to retreat from public attention after his wife died is 1955. He died on June 6, 1961 is zurich.

Theory

            Jung’s theory divides the psyche into three parts. The first is the ego, which jung identifies with the conscious mind closely related is the personal unconscious. Which includes anything which is not presently conscious. But can be the personal unconscious is like most people’s understanding of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that are easily brought to mind and those that have been supplied for some reason. But it does not include the instincts that frelld would have it include.

             But then Jung adds the part of the psyche that psyche that markes his theory stand out from all others the collective unconscious. You could call it your psychic inheritance. “It is the reservoir of our experience as a species kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it influences all of our experience and behaviors. Most especially the emotional ones. But we only know about it indirectly by looking at those influences.

            There are some experiences that show the effects of the collective unconscious more clearly than others. The experience. Of love at first sight of déjà we (the feeling that you’ve been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths could all be understood as the sudden conjunction of our outer reality and the inner reality of the collective unconscious, grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musicians all over the world and is all times or the spiritual experience of mystics of all religions, or the parallels is dreams fantasies mythologies. Fairy tales and literature.

            A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near-death experience. It seems that may people of many different cultural backgrounds. Find that they have similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with death. They speak of having bodies. Seeing their bodies and the events surrounding then clearly. Of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light of seeing deceased relatives or religious figures waiting for then. And of their. Disappointment at having to give this happy seen to return to their bodies perhaps we are all “built” to experience death in this fashion.

Levels of Psyche

1. The personal unconscious

            The personal unconscious is a region adjoining the ego. It consists of experiences that were once conscious but that have been repressed. Suppressed forgotten or ignored and of experiences that were to weak is the first place to make a conscious impression upon the person. The contents of the personal unconscious like of Freud’s preconscious martial are accessible to consciousness. And these is a great deal of two-way traffic between the personal unconscious and the ego.

2.  The collective unconscious

            The concept of a collective or transpersonal unconscious is one of the most original and controversial features of jung’s personality theory. It is most powerful and influential system of the psyche and is pathological cases over shadows the ego and the personal unconscious (Jung 1936, 1943, 1945.)

             The collective unconscious is the star house of tesst memory traces is merited from one’s ancestral past. A past that includes not only the real history of humans as a separate species but also their presuming or animal ancestry as well. The collective unconscious is the psychic residue of human evolutionary development a residue that accumulates as a consequence of repeated experience over many generation. It is almost entirely detected form anything personal is the life of an individual and it is seemingly universal. All human beings have more or tell the same collective unconscious to the seminary of the structure of the brain is all races of humans. And this similarity is due o a common evolution.

            The collective unconscious is the inherited racial foundation of the whole structure of personality. Upon it are erected the ego. The personal unconscious and all other individual acquisitions. What a person fears as a result of experience is substantially influenced by the collective unconscious. Which exercises a guiding or selective influence over the behavior of the person from the very beginning of life the from of the world into which hi is born is already is born in his as a virtual image “(Jung 1945, p 188). This virtual image becomes a perception or idea by identifying itself with objects in the World that correspond to the image .one’s expenses of the world are shaped to a large extent by the collective unconscious. Although not completely so. for to his could. be no variation and development.

3. Archetypes :-

The contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes .jung also called them dominants images,  Mythological primordial images ,and a few others names. but archetypes seems to have won out over these. An archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things is a certain way.

The archetype has no term of its own .but t acts as an “organizing principle “on the things we see or do. it works the way that instincts work is Freud' the way. at first the baby just wants something to eat. without knowing what it wants. it has a rather indefinite years which. never something be satisfied by some things to yearn for something more specific when it is hungry a battle a cookie. A broiled lobster slice of new work style pizza.

The archetype is like a black hale in space. you only know its. There by how it draws matter and light to itself.

The mother archetype

            The mother archetype is  a particularly good example all of our once stars. as mother substitutes. we would never have survived without our connection with a never thing one during our times as helpless infants. it stands to reason that we are “built “is a way recollects that evolutionary environment we come into this world ready to want mother. To seek her recognize her. To deal with her

            So the mother archetype is our built is ability to recognize a certain relationship. That  of “mothering” jung says that this is rather abstract. And are a particular person. Usually our won mothers. Even when as archetype doesn’t have a particular real person available. We lend to personality the archetype. That is twin is to a mythological “story-book”charcter.this character symbolizes the archetype

Mana :- you must understand that these archetype are not really biological thinks .like instincts. they are more spiritual demands. For example .if you dreamt about along things.freud suggest these things represent the phallus and ultimately sex. But jung might have quite specifically a penis might not have much we do with some unfulfilled need her sex.

The shadow:-

            Sex and the like instincts is general are.of course represented somewhere is jung system. they are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman. Animal past. When our concems were limited to survival and reproduction. and when we weren’t self conscious.

The shadow archetype consists of he animal instincts that humans inherited is their evolution from lower forms of lies. Consequently. the shadow styptics  the animal said of human nature. As an archetype the shadow is responsible for our conception of original sin: when it is projected outward it becomes the devil or an anomy

The shadow with its vital and passionate animal instincts. Gives a full bodied or three-dimensional Quality to the persanality.it helps to round out the while person.

The persona :-

            The person represents you public. Image the word is, obviously .related to the word person and personality. And comes, from Alan word for mask. so the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself t the outside world. Although it begins as an archetype. By the time we are finished realizing it. It is the part of us most distant from the collective unconscious

            At its best. it is just the “good impression” we all wish to present as we fill the rates society requires of us. but of course, it can also be the “false impression” we use to manipulate people’s opinions and bechularies. and at its worst, it can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our nature sometimes we ‘belive’we really are what we pretend to be!

The anima and the animals :- It is fairly well recognized and accepted that a human is essentially a bisexual animals. on a physical level. The male secretes  both male mad female sex hormones. as done the female. on the psychological level. Masculine and feminine characteristics are found in both sexes, homosexuality is just one of the conditions. But perhaps the most striking one that has given to the conception of human bisexuality.

The self :- In his earlier writing jung considered the self to be equivalent to the psyche or total personality. However, when he began to explore the racial foundations to personality and disordered the archetype. He found one that represented human striving for unity, this archetype expresses itself through various symbols. The chief one. being the Mandela or magic circle. In his books psychology and alchemy jung develops a psychology of total unity is the self .

Introversion and extroversion:-

Jung developed a personality typology that has become so popular that some people don’t realize he did anything else it begins with the distinction between Introversion and extroversion introverts are people who preter.T heir interval world of thoughs,feelings,fanrasies,dreams, and so on,while extrovers prefer the external world or things and people and activities

The words have become confused with ideas like shyness and sociability, partially because introverts tends to be they and extroverts tend to whether you (“ego”) more offer faced toward the persona and outer reality. or toward the. callective unconscious and outer its archetype. In that sense our culture, of course .values the extrovert much more, And jung warned that we all to value our own type most !

The level of personality

            Jung conceived of the personality or psycho, as being a partly called energy system. it is said to be incompletely closed because energy from outside sources must be added to the system .for example by performing muscular work it is also possible for environmental smile to produce changes in the distribution of energy within the system. this happens for instance. when a sudden change in the external world reorients our alteration and prep ration. the fact that the personality dynamics are subject to influence and modification from external sources means that the personality can not achieve a state  of per pact stabilization. As it might be if were a completely closed system. It can only become relatively stabilized

Psyche Energy :- The energy by which the work of the personality is called psyche energy is a manitersation of life energy that is the energy of the organism as a biological system. psyche energy originates in the same manner as does all vital energy. Namely form the embolic processes of the body jung’s term for life energy is libido but he also uses libido interchangeably with psyche energy jung did not take a par live stand on the relation of psyche V to physical energy but he beloved that some kind of reciprocal action between the two probably exits.

Psyche energy is a hypothetical construct :-

It is not a concrete substance or phenomenon consequently. it can not be measured or sensed psyche energy. finds wishing ,willing feeling, attending and strolling are example of aural source in the personality. disposition, aptitudes tendencies, inllnation and attitudes are examples as potential forces.

Psyche values :- The amount of psyche energy invested in an element of the personality is called the value of that element value as a measure of intensity when we mean that the idea or feeling extras a considerable force in instigating and directing behavior person who values truth in will expend a great deal of energy on the search for it one who places great value upon power will be lightly motivated to between power conversely is something is of trivial value. It will have little energy attached to it

The constellating power of a complex:-

Such observation and tests. useful though they may be for the detonation of conscious value s do not shed much light upon the unconscious value. These have to be determined by evaluating the “constellating power of the nuclear element of a complex “ the constellating power of a complex consists of the number of group of items that are brought into association by the nuclear element of the complex. thus it one of one’s country will produce constellation that nuclear  love of :one such  constellation of experience  around it one such constellation may consist of important went in the airily of one’s nation while another may be a positive feeling toward national leaders and herwes. Very patriotic person is predisposed to fit any new experience into one of the constellation associated with patiolism.

A complex indicator is disstrbance of behavior that indicates the presence of a complex. It may be a slip the longue. For instance when a man say.”mother”when he intended to say “wife” it may be an nusefull blockage of memory as happens when a person cannot remember that of his mother of a dined because the name resembles that of his mother or something associated with his mother. Complex indicators also appear in the word association test.

The principal of equivalence  :jung based his view of psychodynamics upon two fundamental principles :the  principle equivalence and that of entropy .the principle of equivalence states that is energy is expended is bringing about a certain condition .the amount expended will appear elsewhere in the system .student of physics will recognize this principle as the first law of threnody namics.or the principle of the conservation of energy .represented by the value will not be lost from the psyche but will reappear is a new value .the low erring of one value, for example .as the Childs valuation of its family decreases, its interest in other people and things will increase .A person who closed his or her interest is hobby will usually find that another on .has taken its place .it a value is repressed ,its energy can be used to create dreams are fantasies, it is possible of course .for the energy last form one value to be distributed among serval other values.

The principle of entropy : the principle of entropy. Or the second law of thermodynamics. states in effect .that when two bodies of different temperatures are placed in contact witch one another heat will pass from the hotter to the colder body as another example .water always flows from a higher level to a lower level . when a channel is available, the operation of the principle go entropy result is an equilibrium of force. The warmer object closed thermal energy to the colder one until the two objects have the same temperature. At that point- the energy exchange shops and the two objects are said to be in thermal balance

The production of energy required different in potential between the various components of a system. As a consequence, no energy would be produced in a state of perfect balance. A system  runs down and slops when all parts of t are in when balance, r perfect r perfect entropy, as it is called. Therefore lit ios imposible for a living organism to reach complete entropy this situation reprints a fadcinating irony. Just as field’s “death instance” returned to the parson’s desire to return to an inorganic state so also does jung’s stared goal.

(1) Theories of personality

Fourth edition

Collins, hall

Gardner lindy

John B.camphelll (New Delhi)

WILEY

INDIA

EDITION

(2) INTERNET METERIALS.