Counselling psychology

Counselling psychology

The concept of counseling and related fields

Meaning:

Paisley & pepineley:-

Ø  Counselling is a diagnosis and treatment of Minos munctional maladjument.

Ø  It is a relationship, primary individual and face to face, between counselor and counselee.

Carl Rogers:

Counselling is a definitely structured permissive relationship which allows the client to gain an understanding to himself to a degree which enables him to make positive steps in the light of his new orientation.

Characteristics of counseling:

Ø  Counselling is conversation with some one regarding some problem.

Ø  Normally, not always, one of the two person process facts or experiences or abilities which other lacks.

Ø  He also informs the pupil’s curtain facts.

Ø  Counselling is a vital part of the entire guidance program.

Ø  Counselling is only one aspect of guidance.

Ø  Counselling is a learning oriented process.

Ø  Counselling is a professional service.

Ø  Counselling is problem oriented.

Ø  Best Counselling is in the from of the decision made by the counselee.

Ø  Counselling is completely based on self guidance.

Counselling and other related filed:

1) Guidance and Counselling

2) Counselling and teaching

3) Counselling and interview

4) Counselling and psychology

5) Counselling and advice

6) Clinical psychology

7) Counselling as Hygiology

8) Counselling avocation

9) Counselling as vocations

10) Counselling as a helping relationship.

Basuc principles of counselling process:

1)      principles of Acceptance

2)      principles of respect for the individual

3)      principles of permissiveness

4)      principles of thinking with the individual

5)      principles of consistency with ideals of democracy 

6)      Principles of learning.

Counseling Procedure:

            1) Analysis

            2) Synthesis

            3) Prognosis

            4) Counselling

            5) Fallow-up.

Technique of Counselling:

1)      Establishing Rapport

2)      Cultivating self understanding

3)      Advising and planning a programme of action

4)      Direct advising

5)      Trplanatory method

6)      Refuel  other personal workers

a.       classification

b.      acceptance

c.       calcifications

d.      restatement

e.       approval

f.       asking question

g.      humous

h.      summary classification

i.        analysis

j.        regression

k.      assurance

Psycho analytical view point:

Born: 1890-1930

Freiberg morowin.

Died: England

Studied: Vienna

Under.j.maetin

Worked with:  braules.

This method is treating the individuals by psychological rather than physical means. Psychoanalysis doctrine setfosil by sigmund freud is between 1890-1939. This theory grew out of individuals behavior is determined by both assumption psychic determinism “Human beings is finds view are not moster of their own destinies rather, their behaviors are directed by the need to gratify basic biological needs re instincts. Behavior is not random, but is determined past experiences.

He recognized first time that subconscious of the human mind. He used hypnosis is treating hysteria. He developed many personality theory.

Nature of man:

1) Libido equated with sex energy (search of pleasure)

2) Euos – life force

3) Tantos - death wish individual’s aggressive duive.

Personality theory:

1)      Un conscious

2)      Pre- conscious

3)      conscious

and

       1) Id

       2) Ego

       3)  Super ego

Psychosexual stages:

Freud believed that individual personality is basically formed devising the first five genes of life. He attempts to reduce tension that emanates from four basic sources.

1)      Physiological grocath process.

2)      Frustration

3)      Conflicts

4)       Threats

Stages are:

1) The oral stage:- (1 year) Libitiual energy anteed around the mouth.

2) The anal stage:- (1-3) subfictions lies is achieving body control and martyr focus

3) The phallic stage:- (3-5-6) Genitals becomes major focus

4) The latency stage:- It is sexual ontrest and energy.

5) The genital stage:- love in opposite sex

Nature of anxiety:-

1) Real of objective anxiety

2) Neurotic anxiety

3) Moral anxiety

Defense mechanisms:-

1)

2) Reaction formation

3) Rationalization

4) Projection

5) Displacement

7) Regression

8) Fantacy

9) Denial of reality

Neurosis and psychosis:

Neurosis: are 1) hysteria 2) psychoslemian 3) anxiety reactions 

Psychosis: are 1) manic 2) depression 3) paranoid 4) schizophrenia

The Process of treatment:

1)      Free association

2)      Interpretation

3)      Dream analysis

4)      Transferences

5)      Use of

6)      Termination of therapy

Criticism:

1) Usely and driven to much by annalistic instincts needs and wants

2) Stress an childhood experiences

3) Behavior determined by psychic energy

4) Minimized rationality

Contribution :

1) Effective technique of psychotherapy.

2) Recognition of unconscious.

3) Identification of early experiences in personality development.

4) Established model though intervention is therapeutic.

Goals of counseling in personality change:

Goals of counseling is to effect change is behavior which will enable the counselee to leave a more productive, satisfactly

Life as the defines is within societies limitations.

Change may be desirable are relations with others family situations academic achievement job experiences.

Rogers says out comes of goals experience as no treating less anxiety more nearly is harmony with his perceived self and more achievable.

Boy & pine:

Described their client- centered   counseling goal.

Help to become more nature, self-actuated move foreword, positive constructive grow towards sensitization a quire new insights, positive reorientation  of personality.

Behavioral change:     

Remediation is a planned interventions, interpersonal is nature that attempt to help, modify or implore the states of an individual or group”.

To help person become more fully functioning persons & achieve integration personal identity and self actualization.

It assists helping skills and attitudes are productivity released to enables the person needing assistance to cope with his difficulties and concerns.

Counseling helps the children when they become emotionally disturbed i.e.

1)      Inability to has which can not be be explained or maintain interpersonal relations.

2)      In inappropriate types as behavior or feelings.

3)      Unhappiness and depression.

4)      Personal and school problem.

5)      Emotional reactions.

6)      Intellectual disabilities.

Motivational inadequacy morel defect physical ailment, social maladjustment.

Rubin categories some problem of elementally school children:

1)      Academic problems.

2)      Social  problems.

3)      Conflict with authority figures.

4)      Overt behavior manifestation.

Problems of dropout and solution:

1)      No earn money

2)      No get nosey.

3)      Dislike subjects

4)      Constant failure.

5)      Prognosis, youth full massages & 

6)      Divasas

7)      Clime and delinquency.

8)       Unemployment.

9)      Drugs and alcohol.   

Counseling of Goals:

            The Counseling has the goal of understanding the behavior, motivations and feelings the Counselee.

Counseling Goals:

1)      Immediate goals

2)      Long term goals

3)      Mediate of process goals

Acc to parloff(1951). An important out come of Counseling is that the client feels less anxious about the possibilith of acheving has goals.

Some of the major goals of Counseling: (M H)

1) Achievement of positive mental health

2) Resolution of problem

3) Improving personal effectiveness

4) Counseling to help change

5) Decision making as a goal of Counseling

6) Modification of behavior as a goal.

Goals of Counseling in personality change:

            Goals of Counseling is to effect change in behavior which will unable the counselee to leave a more productive, satisfaction life as the defines is within societies limitations.

            Change may be disable are relation with others, family situations, academic achievement, pob experiences.

Rogers says out comes of goals experience as not treating less anxiety more in harmony with his perceived self and more achievable.

Boy and pine:-

Described their clients – centered Counseling goal.

1)      Help to become more mature

2)      Self – actuated move forward

3)      Positive constructive grow towards sensitization

4)      Aquire new insights

5)      Positive reorientation of personality

1) Behavioral change:-

            A) Problem definitions

            b) Developmental and social history

            c) Establishing specifie goals of Counseling  d) Determine methods to be used to being about desired change.

2) The goals involve recognizing the whole structure of  the individual

3) Changes can be being through effective dynamics among Id, ego, super ego

4) Appropriate childhood learning

5) Bring to the conscious level the repressed impulses that are caring anxiety

6) Adler believe  the way to understand an individual is to find out her or his goals is then to determine the life style the individual has developed to search it.

A) life goal

b) Life style

c) social interest

Principle of learning come with is 3 categories

1)      Classical of respondent conditioning

2)      Opeecnt conditioning

3)      Imitating learning

4)      Reinforcement

5)      Primary and secondary

a)      Positive and negative reinforcement

b)      Schedule of reinforcement

c)      Developing complex behaviour

d)     Mediating responses

Gestalt psychology personality change:-

Perts:- Individual steiving to maintain balance b\w conflicting  inner forces.

It is organic self – regulation

ace to templar changes occurs through three process.

1)      Adaptations

2)      Acknowledgement

3)      Approbation – develop split in their personalities

Self Theory:-

1)      Organisonic valving process

2)      Positive regard from others

3)      Self regard

4)      Conditions of worth

5)      Proper conditions for normal development

Psycho analytic theory:

1)      Id

2)      Ego

3)      Super ego

Reality therapy:

            Responsible behavior results is the formation of a personality that has at its is a success identify irresponsible behavior results in a personality that incorporate failuss identity.

Behavioral Counseling view pointed:-

            Krumbaltz (su) thereon (su) Michael and meyerson state university ltosford (California).

The source “Revolution in Counseling and behavior on the functions of the interaction of heredity and environment.

The hypothetical construct found in self theory and freedian theory. “Man is not at the mercy of his unconsciousness or his derives, for these entelechies if they exist can loe expressed on many ways.

Characteristics:

1)      Most human behavior is learned and is there fore subject change.

2)      Specific change of the individuals environment can assist in altering relevant behavior .

3)      Social learning principles such as those of reingarcement and social modeling can be used to develop counselling procedures.

4)      Counselling effectiveness and out comes assessed by change of individuals outside the counselling  interview.

5)      Counselling procedure is not stile, faced of predetermined.

6)      Positive and negative, reinforcement.

Developing complex behavior:

1)      Extinction

2)      Generalization

3)      Dis crimination

4)      Shaping

5)      Modeling

6)      Convert reinforcement

7)      Clear expectations

 

Nature of man:

            Good and bad, environmental and heredity inequality

Counselor and counselling practice:

1)      Problem determination

2)      Developmental and social history

3)      Establishing specific goals if  counselling

4)      Determine method to be used to bring about desired change.

Counselling techniques:

1)      Operant learning

2)      Imitative

3)      Cognitive à   a) Assistive training

            b) Sexual raining

            c) Relaxation training

            d) Systematic training

4) Covert reinforcement